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BLACKHOLE CHANCHIN
Thlasik khaw thiang vuk mai hnuaiah van lam khi han thlir vang vang la, eng thil nge i hmuh le? Arsite chu dan pangngaiin an lo eng phe leh neuh neuh anga, a chhuah zan a nih chuan thla pawh chu a lo eng no leh hle ang. Heng bakah hian arsi ni ve lem lo mah se arsi tia mi tam zawkten kan sawi mai thin Hrangchhuana leh Sikeisen/Siai-te pawh i hmu tel thei ang. Heng bak lo hi chu mit lawnga hmuh mai theih a tam lo hle.
Hetia i hmuh theih bakah hian mit lawnga hmuh theih loh tam tak an la awm cheu. Chung zingah chuan kan thupui Blackhole pawh hi a tel a ni. Peh-hel thui tawh lovin kan sawi tum lamah i tuan tawh ang hmiang.
Star’s Life cycle :
Arsite hi atomic particle chhum chhah mup mai atanga lo piang niin mithiamte chuan an ngai. Gravitational force avangin chu’ng atomic particle te chu an lo inhipkhawm a, a density (muk zawng) a lo sang ta hle mai a. Chuta tang chuan arsi deuh roh, arsi puitinga la chhiar tlak chiah si lo – Protostar an tih chu a lo insiam ta a. Protostar hian arsite angin enna a la pe chhuak chiah lo a ni. Kum maktaduai tel a lo ral leh meuh chuan Protostar chu a lo puitling ve ta a, arsi pangngai a lo piang ta a ni. Chutiang chuan kum maktaduai tam tak ral ta atang khan tun thlengin arsite hi an la insiam belh char char zel niin ngaih a ni.
Heti hian kum maktaduai eng emawzat chhung chu arsi chu a alh hluah hluah anga, enna leh lumna thahrui namen lova tam a pe chhuak reng ang. Hetia chawl lova thahrui a pek chhuah reng theih nachhan hi a lairila Nuclear fusion reaction awm vang a ni. Arsi lairilah chuan englai mai pawhin Hydrogen bomb a puak dur dur reng mai tihna a nih chu! Chutia thahrui a pek chhuah chu a lairil atangin a pangti (surface) lamah a inthawn chhuak ve leh char char a, arsi chu a lo engin a lo sa ta hle thin a ni.
A lairila Nuclear fusion reaction awm theih nachan kha chu Hydrogen leh Hydrogen te inbelhbawmin Helium siamin chutihruala thahrui tam tak a lo chhuah zel vang a ni. He process hi arsi la naupang lam deuh, an vanglai hmang mekahte a thleng thin. Ni-ah pawh hian he process hi a thleng mek a ni (Ni pawh hi arsi tho a ni, khawvel tana arsi hnai ber a ni). Hei bakah hian Carbon-Nitrogen cycle an tih mai carbon leh nitrogen ten nuclear fusion reaction an siam atanga thahrui pe chhuak chi arsite an awm ve thova, hei hi chu arsi upa lam, thi tep tawhah a thleng thin thung.
Chutia arsi alh hluah hluah chuan thahrui hnar atan Hydrogen/deuterium a hmang thin a. Kum maktaduai tam tak a ral hnuah chuan a thahrui hnar ber Hydrogen-te chu an tlem tawh hle ang a, nuclear fusion reaction siam thei khawpa tam an ni tawh lovang. Helium erawh a lo tam ta hle thung dawn a ni. Hetih hunah hi chuan arsi-ah chuan helium hmangin nuclear reaction a thleng ve thung tawh ang. Chu chuan arsi chu a tipuam ta vak anga, lianpui, sen vet vut a ni tawh ang. Chutiang arsi chu Red Giant star an ti.
A lian zual bikte chu Super Red Giant star an ti lehchhawng a ni. Mit lawnga hmuh theih zinga Super Red giant star lar ber chu Betelguese hi a ni. Orion (Chhohreivung) constellation-ah a awm a, orion constellation i en chuan a kawnghren i hmu anga, a chung chiaha a dar lehlama arsi lianpui sen vut kha Betelguese chu a ni. A lian rapthlak hle. A lai hawlhtlangin ni aia a let 600-1000 vel zeta lian a ni a (ni-ah khian rawn dah ta se, a surface chuan Mars leh Jupiter inkar laihawl vel a thleng hial ang), eng kum 600 vela hlaah a awm (tuna a eng i hmuh kha kum 600 kaltaa a rawn pek chhuah tawh kha a ni, thi ta thut sela kum 600 hnuah a thi tih kan hre chauh ang).
Chutia red giant star a nih lai chuan a thahrui hnar ber helium pawh chu a lo tlem veleh ta hle anga, a tawpah chuan arsi pawn lam chu a puak darh vek ang, a lairil chauh a bang tawh ang. Hetia arsi puak darh hi Super nova an tih chu a ni. Kum 250 dan zelah lei atanga hmuh phak chinah pawh a thleng ve thin niin chhut a ni. Super nova vawi khat thleng avanga thahrui chhuak zat hi ni(sun)in kum sang tam tak chhunga thahrui a pek chhuah zawng zawng aia tam zawk ngial a ni thin (Betelguese pawh khi puak keh thei reng niin mithiamten an ngai, a virna axis kan lei lam hawi a nih loh hlauh avangin a puah ruala gamma ray chhuak chuan kan lei a rawn thleng lovang. Lo thleng vaih sela chuan thilnung tam zawk hi chu chimit thei kan ni).
Note : Arsite hi an alh hluah hluah lai hi chuan a chhungril lam atanga Pressure (pawn lam hawiin) leh a chhungril lam hawia pawttu Gravity te an in-balanace thin a. Nuclear fusion reaction awmtirtu ber Hydrogen te an lo tlem takah chuan Pressure chu a na tawk ta lova, Gavity chuan a hip te ta vak thin a ni. Chu chu Gravitational Collapse an ti. Hei hi a chunga kan sawi takte khai khawmna a ni.
White dwarf & Neutron star :
Chutia arsi a puah keh hnu chuan atira a mass azirin thil chi hrang hrang 3-ah a chang thei a viz., White dwarf, neutron star, black hole ah te. Black hole hi chu a hrangin kan la sawi dawn a, White dwarf leh neutron star bik hi kan sawizui rih ang.
Arsi kha a puah keh hmaa a mass kha ni mass a let 1.44 (a chhut chhuaktu S.Chandrasekhara hming chawiin Chandrasekhar’s limit an ti) vel a nih chuan White dwarf-ah a chang ang. White dwarf hi arsi te tak te kan lei tiat vel lek a ni tawh. A eng pek chhuah pawh a chau tawh hle thin. Lei atanga arsi eng ber Sirius pawh khi arsi phir (Binary star) a ni a, a pakhat zawk khi white dwarf a ni nghe nghe.
Arsi kha a puah keh hmaa a mass kha ni mass let 1.44 – 3 a nih chuan Neutron star-ah a chang ang. Atomic particle te inkara gravitational force a chak tawh em avangin muk em emin particle te chu an in belhbawm chial tawh mai a ni. Hei vang hian atom atangin nucleus heltu electron leh nucleus chhunga proton te chu inbelhbawmin neutron-ah an chang ta a, chuvangin neutron star siamtu particle chu neutron vek a lo ni ta a ni.
Neutron star te hi an te lehzual a, a lai hawlhtlangin 10km vel lek an ni tawh a, an pangti (surface) atanga thlawk chhuak tur pawhin second khatah 100,000km laia chaka thlawh chhuah a ngai tawh dawn a ni (Leiah hi chuan 11.2km/second). Magnetic field chak tak an neiin an axis-ah chak deuhin an vir vut vut thin. Chutia chak taka vir thin neutron star-te chu Pulsar an ti bawk. Kum 1963-a Alien mite signal rawn thawn nia an ngaih, England rama an hmuh chhuah pawh kha pulsar (neutron star) atanga electromagnetic wave lo kal a ni. A hmingah Little Green Men (LGM) an ti nghe nghe a nih kha.
Black hole :
Arsi puak keh kha atira a mass kha ni mass aia a let 3 (Townsend – Black hole) leh a aia tam a nih chuan Black hole-ah a chang dawn a ni. Black hole chu arsi thi muk em em a ni a, a mass (matter) neih zawng zawng kha hmun zim te pakhatah a insawrbing vek anga, chuvangin lenzawng (size) pawh a nei tawh lovang (atira a taksa zawng zawn g kha). Hetia a taksaa matter awm zawng zawng hmun pakhata a insawrbing vekna dan hi Singularity an ti. Hei vang hian Black hole chuan volume a nei ta lova, a density erawh chu chhiarsenloh (infinite) a ni ta thung. A chunga kan chhiar tak white dwarf leh neutron star-ah te khi chuan an taksa (matter) awm zawng zawng kha khawvel tiat emaw 10km lek hawlhtlangin emaw a inhlawm khawm a, size nei lo/density chhiarsenloh an ni ve lo.
Black hole a lo insiam hnu chuan a bul hnaiah chuan a hipna a chak tak em avangin eng meuh pawhin a thlawh chhuahsan thei ta lova. Black hole lairil ‘singularity’ atanga teha engin a thlawh chhuahsan theih loh china hla chu Event horizon an ti. Hei hi Black hole lenzawng sawina atana hman a ni. Event horizon china lo lut tawh reng reng chu eng thil pawh ni se black hole chuan a lo lem zo zel tawh mai a ni. Eng meuh pawhin event horizon a luh tawh chuan black hole chu a thlawh chhuahsan thei tawh lo.
Eng anga kal chak lem lo arsi, planet, etc te tan phei chuan black hole hipna atanga an tal chhuah theih loh chin hi a hla lehzual. Event horizon aia hla daih amite pawh arsi, planet, simeikhu, etc te chu black hole chuan a hipna avangin a la lem zo thei tho tihna a ni chu!
Amaherawhchu hei hi hria ila – hlat zawng inang theuh theuhah amah ang bawka mass ngah arsite aiin black hole hian a hip na zawk chuang lo (arsi surface pawn lam a nih chuan). Ni pawh hi black hole-ah chang ta thut sela (a chang thei lo naa) planet te hian tuna kan hel dan pangngai hian kan la hel reng ang. A event horizon chin kan luh palh hlauh erawh chuan…chuti hlauh. Ni hi black hole-ah chang sela chuan a lai hawlh tlangin 9km vel leka lian a ni tawh ang (tunah hian 1,400,000km vela lian a ni). Khawvel hi black hole-ah chang ve ta sela a lai hawlh tlangin 9mm vel lek a ni tawh bawk ang (Bete mu tiat lek!). Chhiartu thenkhatte tana a technical lutuk takin black hole lenzawng chhutna formula chu a tawpah appendix-ah ka dah ta mai.
A dang kan sawi kai hmain Singularity bawk kha sawi nawn leh a tha ang. Khatia arsi a lo sawn tet a, a mass zawng zawng mai hmun pakhata a insawrbing vekna dan kha singularity chu a ni kan ti a. Hetia size pawh nei lo khawpa thil a insawrbing theih hi Scientist tam tak chuan an ring lo reng a ni. Singularity tel lo, muk em em tho sia black hole hi a insiam theih tho an ring a, Stephen Hawkinga pawhin real number aiah imaginary number hmangin singularity tel lo black hole a chhut chhuak (ti mai ang) a nih kha. Mahse hei hi pawmpuitu aiin pawmpui lotu an tam zawk hial ang. Singularity hi Black hole lairilah a awm a, Event horizon lut tawh reng reng chuan an thleng ngei ngei thin, pumpelhna kawng dang a awm lo.
Event horizon hi aiawt ang deuh a ni a, luhna chauh a awm a, chhuahna erawh a awm tawh lo. A chhung atangin pawn lam chu engkim i hmu fiah kuar ang a, pawn lam atang erawh chuan eng thil mah a lo chhuah theih loh avangin chhung lam chu i hmu thei tawh lovang. Hetia eng takngial pawh a chhuah theih tak loh avang hian pawn lam atang chuan black hole chu hmuh theih loh, thim mup ringawt mai a lo ni ta a ni. Hmuh theih si loh engtin nge an hmuh chhuah si?
A hipna chak tak avang khan black hole chuan a bul hnaia arsite chu nasa takin a hip ta vak a. Chu arsi lah chu a lo tang tuk mai bawk si, an insual ta a nih ber mai chu. An kal dan chu tlemin a lo petek ta deuh a, chutih hunah chuan chu arsi atanga eng lo kal (spectrum) chu an lo zir chiang a, eng thil emaw ni chu arsi awm hle hle lai tibuaitu, hmuh theih si loh a awm a ni tih an hre thei mai thin. Hei bakah hian arsi khan a taksa thenkhat kha eng thil emaw ni, hmuh theih si loh hnenah a pe chhuak char char mai bawk si a, chuvangin black hole kha a bulah a awm a ni tih hriat theih a lo ni ta thin a ni.
Note : Albert Einstein-a khan kum 1915-a General Theory of Relativity a tih chhuah khan equation pawimawh deuh mai a hlui tel nghal a. Chu chu Einstein Field Equation an ti. He equation hian solution 10 a nei a, chung zinga pakhat chu Black hole hi a ni. Black hole solution hi Mathematician Karl Swarzchilda’n a solve a ni. Black hole hi a awm tih pawh Einstein-a khan a thih thleng (1954) khan a hre hman ta lo naa eng thil pawh hi muk deuha a inhlawm chuan a surface-ah chuan hipna a nasa hle anga, a thim mup thei ang tih erawh ngaihdan a nei daih tawh tho.
Space-time curvature near Black hole :
General Theory of Relativity sawi dan chuan thil reng reng hian hipna a neih nachhan hi Newtonian physics sawi dan anga hipna ngawr ngawr vang ni lovin kha thil khan a bul vela space-time a tih-kul vang a ni. Khatia a bula thil a lo kal khan space-time kul avang khan a lamah a rawn kal theih phah ta thin a ni. Mass a ngah poh leh space-time chu a tikul nasa mai a ni. Lei ai chuan Ni hi a hipna a chak zawk fe a, GTR sawi dan erawh chuan Ni hian lei aiin a bul hnaia space-time a tikul nasa zawk hle tihna a ni.
Hei vang hian Leiin a bul hnaia thil a hipna ai chuan Niin a bul hnaia thil a hipna a na zawk a ni. Entir nan, mattress dup deuhah T.T ball dah la, a bulah lung denna thirhlum dah bawk la. Lungdenna thirhlum chuan mattress chu a delh khuar nasa zawk daih tih i hmu thei ang. T.T ball lam hawi chuan marble lir phei la, a kal dan danglam teh chiam lovin marble chuan T.T ball chu a kal pel mai anga, thirhlum bulah erawh chuan a delh khuar laiah lir lutin marble chuan thirhlum chu a su anga, lir chhuak thei lovin a tang tawh mai dawn a ni. Hetiang deuh chiah hian mass ngah tak bulah chuan space-time hi a kul nasa a, a bula hnaia thil a lo kal chuan tal chhuah leh a harsa tawh thin.
Black hole pawh chutiang tho chu a ni. A mass a tam bakah a density a san tawh em avangin a bul hnaia space-time chu kul namen lovin a tikul a, event horizon chhungah phei chuan space-time curvature chu chhiarsenloh (infinite) a ni ta hial a; hei vang hian engti kawng mahin tlan chhuah ngaihna a awm ta lo a ni.
Super massive Black hole :
Vanah hian arsi bawrkhawm (galaxy) tluklehdingawn tam tak a awma rin a ni a. Chung galaxy tinah te chuan arsi tluklehdingawn tel teh meuh an bawr khawm tup zel a ni. Hetia arsi an awm khawm teuh mai hian Scientist-te mak tih a hlawh a, ngun takin a lairil lam chu an zir chiang ta a. An thil hmuh chhuah chu galaxy zawng zawng deuh thawin a lairilah black hole, ni aia a let maktaduai aia tam mass nei a awm deuh zel tih hi a ni. Chu chuan arsite chu galaxy atanga kal darh lovin a lo pawt khawm thin a ni. Kan awmna Milky way galaxy pawh hian a lairilah black hole, ni aia a let maktaduai 10 vela mass ngah a nei a ni. Hei vang hian a lairil lama arsi awmte chu an kal dan pawh a petek nasa bikin an spectrum lei atanga an lo zirte pawh a dang lam nasa bik hle.
Black hole a hlauhawm em?
A hip phaka hnaia kan awm vaih chuan kan tan ni leh thla reng a eng tawh lovang a, khawvel technology thar ber tan pawh tih theih a awm lo vang. A tan chuan a chaw-ta-ni kan ni mai. Keini chauh kan ni bik lo, arsi lian ber pawh ni se Black hole te ber tan pawh a len leh a tlu lian dawn a ni mai tih ang chauh a ni ang. Pluto/Neptune bul hnaiah Black hole naran ve mai pawh lo kal se, kan solar system pum pui mai hi rei loteah Black hole chaw hmeh mai kan ni tawh ang.
Tah leh ha thialnain khawvel hi rei lote a luah khat anga, rei lote chhungin black hole chuan min hip khawmin singularity-ah kan in hmu khawm dial ang! Mihringten kan hriat chinah Universe-a eng thil mah hian Black hole hi a ngam lova, a hmaah ding zo reng an awm lo. Arsi lian ber tan pawh ngam rual a ni lova, ni pawh hi mit khap kar lovah black hole chuan a hip ral vek mai dawn a ni. A lo kal lovang tih lah kan sawi thei der si lo!
Chutihlaiin a hipnain a khawih phak chin aia hlaah kan awm erawh chuan Black hole meuh ni mah sela hlauh tur a awm chuang lo. Hriat chinah chuan lei atanga black hole hnai ber hi eng kum 1600 vela hlaah a awm daih a, chuvangin lo hlau duh vak suh, Nibiru ang thova hlauhawm lo a ni e.
Large Hadron Collider khan Black hole a siam thei ang em?
LHC experiment khan Black hole a siam thei mai dawn nia an ngaih avangin mi tam tak chu an ngaih a tha lova. LHC project-a thawk Scientist thenkhatte pawhin vauna an dawng nghe nghe. Chutihlaiin mithiamte erawh chuan black hole hi a insiam thei lovang an ti thung. A lo insiam palh hlauh a nih pawhin Hawking radiation danin second khat hmun maktaduai tam taka thena hmun khat chhung lekin radiation-ah a thamral nghal ang an ti a ni.
Hawking radiation chu?
Universe-a eng thil pawh, lumna nei reng reng chuan entropy an nei ngei ngei tur a ni a, entropy nei reng reng chuan radiation an pe chhuak ngei ngei tur a ni bawk. Hei hi Second law of Thermodynamics a ni (heti lo zawng pawh hian sawi dan dang a awm nual). Black hole pawh chuan he law hi a zawm ve ngei a tul si avangin radiation a pek chhuah ngei a lo tul ta a. Mahse kan chhiar tak ang khan black hole atangin eng thil mah a chhuak thei bawk si lo, black hole definition kan neih sa leh second law of thermodynamics chu an inkalh tihna a nih chu. Engtin nge radiation chu a chhuah theih tak ang le?
Hawkinga chuan black hole event horizon bul mai atang chuan quantum fluctuation danin particle leh antiparticle insiamin chungte chu black hole atangin an rawn chhuak a ni a ti a. Hetia an lo chhuah hian radiation an pe chhuak ta a, chu chu Hawking radiation an tih chu a ni. Hei vang hian black hole chuan a mass a hloh char char a, rei tak hnuah chuan a ral vek thin a ni. A ral vek dawnah hian Hydrogen bomb tam tak puak tluka nain a puak darh thin niin Hawkinga chuan a chhut a ni. Black hole mass nei tlem apiang an temperature a sang a, mass nei tam apiang an temperature a hniam thung. Black hole mass kha khawvel mass zat vel a nih chuan a temperature chu 0.02K vel a ni anga, gram 1 lek a nih phei chuan 1.24×1024 Kelvin vela sa a ni ang.
Faster than light
Black hole event horizon chhungah chuan space-time curvature chu a nasat tawh em avangin eng aia chakin thil a kal thei a ni! Hei hian Special Theory of Relativity a kalh chuang lo. STR hian eng aia chakin eng thil mah a kal thei lo chu a ti ngei naa, hei hi locally chauhvin a ni. Event horizon chhungah vek chuan eng aia chakin kal ta ila, kan rual chiahin kan sirah eng kal ve bawk sela kan umpha chuang lovang, locally-in kan awm dun avangin. Hei hi film-ah te pawh kan hmuh fo worm hole hmanga galaxy dang daihte pawh rei lotea an thlen zung zung dan nen khan an inlaichin hnai viau.
Appendix :
1. Black hole radius chhutna : r = 2GM/c2 , r = black hole radius, G = gravitational constant, M = original mass of star, c = speed of light in vacuum.
2. Black hole temperature chhutna : T = (1.24×1023)/M, M=black hole mass. Temperature unit hi Kelvin.
Thlasik khaw thiang vuk mai hnuaiah van lam khi han thlir vang vang la, eng thil nge i hmuh le? Arsite chu dan pangngaiin an lo eng phe leh neuh neuh anga, a chhuah zan a nih chuan thla pawh chu a lo eng no leh hle ang. Heng bakah hian arsi ni ve lem lo mah se arsi tia mi tam zawkten kan sawi mai thin Hrangchhuana leh Sikeisen/Siai-te pawh i hmu tel thei ang. Heng bak lo hi chu mit lawnga hmuh mai theih a tam lo hle.
Hetia i hmuh theih bakah hian mit lawnga hmuh theih loh tam tak an la awm cheu. Chung zingah chuan kan thupui Blackhole pawh hi a tel a ni. Peh-hel thui tawh lovin kan sawi tum lamah i tuan tawh ang hmiang.
Star’s Life cycle :
Arsite hi atomic particle chhum chhah mup mai atanga lo piang niin mithiamte chuan an ngai. Gravitational force avangin chu’ng atomic particle te chu an lo inhipkhawm a, a density (muk zawng) a lo sang ta hle mai a. Chuta tang chuan arsi deuh roh, arsi puitinga la chhiar tlak chiah si lo – Protostar an tih chu a lo insiam ta a. Protostar hian arsite angin enna a la pe chhuak chiah lo a ni. Kum maktaduai tel a lo ral leh meuh chuan Protostar chu a lo puitling ve ta a, arsi pangngai a lo piang ta a ni. Chutiang chuan kum maktaduai tam tak ral ta atang khan tun thlengin arsite hi an la insiam belh char char zel niin ngaih a ni.
Heti hian kum maktaduai eng emawzat chhung chu arsi chu a alh hluah hluah anga, enna leh lumna thahrui namen lova tam a pe chhuak reng ang. Hetia chawl lova thahrui a pek chhuah reng theih nachhan hi a lairila Nuclear fusion reaction awm vang a ni. Arsi lairilah chuan englai mai pawhin Hydrogen bomb a puak dur dur reng mai tihna a nih chu! Chutia thahrui a pek chhuah chu a lairil atangin a pangti (surface) lamah a inthawn chhuak ve leh char char a, arsi chu a lo engin a lo sa ta hle thin a ni.
A lairila Nuclear fusion reaction awm theih nachan kha chu Hydrogen leh Hydrogen te inbelhbawmin Helium siamin chutihruala thahrui tam tak a lo chhuah zel vang a ni. He process hi arsi la naupang lam deuh, an vanglai hmang mekahte a thleng thin. Ni-ah pawh hian he process hi a thleng mek a ni (Ni pawh hi arsi tho a ni, khawvel tana arsi hnai ber a ni). Hei bakah hian Carbon-Nitrogen cycle an tih mai carbon leh nitrogen ten nuclear fusion reaction an siam atanga thahrui pe chhuak chi arsite an awm ve thova, hei hi chu arsi upa lam, thi tep tawhah a thleng thin thung.
Chutia arsi alh hluah hluah chuan thahrui hnar atan Hydrogen/deuterium a hmang thin a. Kum maktaduai tam tak a ral hnuah chuan a thahrui hnar ber Hydrogen-te chu an tlem tawh hle ang a, nuclear fusion reaction siam thei khawpa tam an ni tawh lovang. Helium erawh a lo tam ta hle thung dawn a ni. Hetih hunah hi chuan arsi-ah chuan helium hmangin nuclear reaction a thleng ve thung tawh ang. Chu chuan arsi chu a tipuam ta vak anga, lianpui, sen vet vut a ni tawh ang. Chutiang arsi chu Red Giant star an ti.
A lian zual bikte chu Super Red Giant star an ti lehchhawng a ni. Mit lawnga hmuh theih zinga Super Red giant star lar ber chu Betelguese hi a ni. Orion (Chhohreivung) constellation-ah a awm a, orion constellation i en chuan a kawnghren i hmu anga, a chung chiaha a dar lehlama arsi lianpui sen vut kha Betelguese chu a ni. A lian rapthlak hle. A lai hawlhtlangin ni aia a let 600-1000 vel zeta lian a ni a (ni-ah khian rawn dah ta se, a surface chuan Mars leh Jupiter inkar laihawl vel a thleng hial ang), eng kum 600 vela hlaah a awm (tuna a eng i hmuh kha kum 600 kaltaa a rawn pek chhuah tawh kha a ni, thi ta thut sela kum 600 hnuah a thi tih kan hre chauh ang).
Chutia red giant star a nih lai chuan a thahrui hnar ber helium pawh chu a lo tlem veleh ta hle anga, a tawpah chuan arsi pawn lam chu a puak darh vek ang, a lairil chauh a bang tawh ang. Hetia arsi puak darh hi Super nova an tih chu a ni. Kum 250 dan zelah lei atanga hmuh phak chinah pawh a thleng ve thin niin chhut a ni. Super nova vawi khat thleng avanga thahrui chhuak zat hi ni(sun)in kum sang tam tak chhunga thahrui a pek chhuah zawng zawng aia tam zawk ngial a ni thin (Betelguese pawh khi puak keh thei reng niin mithiamten an ngai, a virna axis kan lei lam hawi a nih loh hlauh avangin a puah ruala gamma ray chhuak chuan kan lei a rawn thleng lovang. Lo thleng vaih sela chuan thilnung tam zawk hi chu chimit thei kan ni).
Note : Arsite hi an alh hluah hluah lai hi chuan a chhungril lam atanga Pressure (pawn lam hawiin) leh a chhungril lam hawia pawttu Gravity te an in-balanace thin a. Nuclear fusion reaction awmtirtu ber Hydrogen te an lo tlem takah chuan Pressure chu a na tawk ta lova, Gavity chuan a hip te ta vak thin a ni. Chu chu Gravitational Collapse an ti. Hei hi a chunga kan sawi takte khai khawmna a ni.
White dwarf & Neutron star :
Chutia arsi a puah keh hnu chuan atira a mass azirin thil chi hrang hrang 3-ah a chang thei a viz., White dwarf, neutron star, black hole ah te. Black hole hi chu a hrangin kan la sawi dawn a, White dwarf leh neutron star bik hi kan sawizui rih ang.
Arsi kha a puah keh hmaa a mass kha ni mass a let 1.44 (a chhut chhuaktu S.Chandrasekhara hming chawiin Chandrasekhar’s limit an ti) vel a nih chuan White dwarf-ah a chang ang. White dwarf hi arsi te tak te kan lei tiat vel lek a ni tawh. A eng pek chhuah pawh a chau tawh hle thin. Lei atanga arsi eng ber Sirius pawh khi arsi phir (Binary star) a ni a, a pakhat zawk khi white dwarf a ni nghe nghe.
Arsi kha a puah keh hmaa a mass kha ni mass let 1.44 – 3 a nih chuan Neutron star-ah a chang ang. Atomic particle te inkara gravitational force a chak tawh em avangin muk em emin particle te chu an in belhbawm chial tawh mai a ni. Hei vang hian atom atangin nucleus heltu electron leh nucleus chhunga proton te chu inbelhbawmin neutron-ah an chang ta a, chuvangin neutron star siamtu particle chu neutron vek a lo ni ta a ni.
Neutron star te hi an te lehzual a, a lai hawlhtlangin 10km vel lek an ni tawh a, an pangti (surface) atanga thlawk chhuak tur pawhin second khatah 100,000km laia chaka thlawh chhuah a ngai tawh dawn a ni (Leiah hi chuan 11.2km/second). Magnetic field chak tak an neiin an axis-ah chak deuhin an vir vut vut thin. Chutia chak taka vir thin neutron star-te chu Pulsar an ti bawk. Kum 1963-a Alien mite signal rawn thawn nia an ngaih, England rama an hmuh chhuah pawh kha pulsar (neutron star) atanga electromagnetic wave lo kal a ni. A hmingah Little Green Men (LGM) an ti nghe nghe a nih kha.
Black hole :
Arsi puak keh kha atira a mass kha ni mass aia a let 3 (Townsend – Black hole) leh a aia tam a nih chuan Black hole-ah a chang dawn a ni. Black hole chu arsi thi muk em em a ni a, a mass (matter) neih zawng zawng kha hmun zim te pakhatah a insawrbing vek anga, chuvangin lenzawng (size) pawh a nei tawh lovang (atira a taksa zawng zawn g kha). Hetia a taksaa matter awm zawng zawng hmun pakhata a insawrbing vekna dan hi Singularity an ti. Hei vang hian Black hole chuan volume a nei ta lova, a density erawh chu chhiarsenloh (infinite) a ni ta thung. A chunga kan chhiar tak white dwarf leh neutron star-ah te khi chuan an taksa (matter) awm zawng zawng kha khawvel tiat emaw 10km lek hawlhtlangin emaw a inhlawm khawm a, size nei lo/density chhiarsenloh an ni ve lo.
Black hole a lo insiam hnu chuan a bul hnaiah chuan a hipna a chak tak em avangin eng meuh pawhin a thlawh chhuahsan thei ta lova. Black hole lairil ‘singularity’ atanga teha engin a thlawh chhuahsan theih loh china hla chu Event horizon an ti. Hei hi Black hole lenzawng sawina atana hman a ni. Event horizon china lo lut tawh reng reng chu eng thil pawh ni se black hole chuan a lo lem zo zel tawh mai a ni. Eng meuh pawhin event horizon a luh tawh chuan black hole chu a thlawh chhuahsan thei tawh lo.
Eng anga kal chak lem lo arsi, planet, etc te tan phei chuan black hole hipna atanga an tal chhuah theih loh chin hi a hla lehzual. Event horizon aia hla daih amite pawh arsi, planet, simeikhu, etc te chu black hole chuan a hipna avangin a la lem zo thei tho tihna a ni chu!
Amaherawhchu hei hi hria ila – hlat zawng inang theuh theuhah amah ang bawka mass ngah arsite aiin black hole hian a hip na zawk chuang lo (arsi surface pawn lam a nih chuan). Ni pawh hi black hole-ah chang ta thut sela (a chang thei lo naa) planet te hian tuna kan hel dan pangngai hian kan la hel reng ang. A event horizon chin kan luh palh hlauh erawh chuan…chuti hlauh. Ni hi black hole-ah chang sela chuan a lai hawlh tlangin 9km vel leka lian a ni tawh ang (tunah hian 1,400,000km vela lian a ni). Khawvel hi black hole-ah chang ve ta sela a lai hawlh tlangin 9mm vel lek a ni tawh bawk ang (Bete mu tiat lek!). Chhiartu thenkhatte tana a technical lutuk takin black hole lenzawng chhutna formula chu a tawpah appendix-ah ka dah ta mai.
A dang kan sawi kai hmain Singularity bawk kha sawi nawn leh a tha ang. Khatia arsi a lo sawn tet a, a mass zawng zawng mai hmun pakhata a insawrbing vekna dan kha singularity chu a ni kan ti a. Hetia size pawh nei lo khawpa thil a insawrbing theih hi Scientist tam tak chuan an ring lo reng a ni. Singularity tel lo, muk em em tho sia black hole hi a insiam theih tho an ring a, Stephen Hawkinga pawhin real number aiah imaginary number hmangin singularity tel lo black hole a chhut chhuak (ti mai ang) a nih kha. Mahse hei hi pawmpuitu aiin pawmpui lotu an tam zawk hial ang. Singularity hi Black hole lairilah a awm a, Event horizon lut tawh reng reng chuan an thleng ngei ngei thin, pumpelhna kawng dang a awm lo.
Event horizon hi aiawt ang deuh a ni a, luhna chauh a awm a, chhuahna erawh a awm tawh lo. A chhung atangin pawn lam chu engkim i hmu fiah kuar ang a, pawn lam atang erawh chuan eng thil mah a lo chhuah theih loh avangin chhung lam chu i hmu thei tawh lovang. Hetia eng takngial pawh a chhuah theih tak loh avang hian pawn lam atang chuan black hole chu hmuh theih loh, thim mup ringawt mai a lo ni ta a ni. Hmuh theih si loh engtin nge an hmuh chhuah si?
A hipna chak tak avang khan black hole chuan a bul hnaia arsite chu nasa takin a hip ta vak a. Chu arsi lah chu a lo tang tuk mai bawk si, an insual ta a nih ber mai chu. An kal dan chu tlemin a lo petek ta deuh a, chutih hunah chuan chu arsi atanga eng lo kal (spectrum) chu an lo zir chiang a, eng thil emaw ni chu arsi awm hle hle lai tibuaitu, hmuh theih si loh a awm a ni tih an hre thei mai thin. Hei bakah hian arsi khan a taksa thenkhat kha eng thil emaw ni, hmuh theih si loh hnenah a pe chhuak char char mai bawk si a, chuvangin black hole kha a bulah a awm a ni tih hriat theih a lo ni ta thin a ni.
Note : Albert Einstein-a khan kum 1915-a General Theory of Relativity a tih chhuah khan equation pawimawh deuh mai a hlui tel nghal a. Chu chu Einstein Field Equation an ti. He equation hian solution 10 a nei a, chung zinga pakhat chu Black hole hi a ni. Black hole solution hi Mathematician Karl Swarzchilda’n a solve a ni. Black hole hi a awm tih pawh Einstein-a khan a thih thleng (1954) khan a hre hman ta lo naa eng thil pawh hi muk deuha a inhlawm chuan a surface-ah chuan hipna a nasa hle anga, a thim mup thei ang tih erawh ngaihdan a nei daih tawh tho.
Space-time curvature near Black hole :
General Theory of Relativity sawi dan chuan thil reng reng hian hipna a neih nachhan hi Newtonian physics sawi dan anga hipna ngawr ngawr vang ni lovin kha thil khan a bul vela space-time a tih-kul vang a ni. Khatia a bula thil a lo kal khan space-time kul avang khan a lamah a rawn kal theih phah ta thin a ni. Mass a ngah poh leh space-time chu a tikul nasa mai a ni. Lei ai chuan Ni hi a hipna a chak zawk fe a, GTR sawi dan erawh chuan Ni hian lei aiin a bul hnaia space-time a tikul nasa zawk hle tihna a ni.
Hei vang hian Leiin a bul hnaia thil a hipna ai chuan Niin a bul hnaia thil a hipna a na zawk a ni. Entir nan, mattress dup deuhah T.T ball dah la, a bulah lung denna thirhlum dah bawk la. Lungdenna thirhlum chuan mattress chu a delh khuar nasa zawk daih tih i hmu thei ang. T.T ball lam hawi chuan marble lir phei la, a kal dan danglam teh chiam lovin marble chuan T.T ball chu a kal pel mai anga, thirhlum bulah erawh chuan a delh khuar laiah lir lutin marble chuan thirhlum chu a su anga, lir chhuak thei lovin a tang tawh mai dawn a ni. Hetiang deuh chiah hian mass ngah tak bulah chuan space-time hi a kul nasa a, a bula hnaia thil a lo kal chuan tal chhuah leh a harsa tawh thin.
Black hole pawh chutiang tho chu a ni. A mass a tam bakah a density a san tawh em avangin a bul hnaia space-time chu kul namen lovin a tikul a, event horizon chhungah phei chuan space-time curvature chu chhiarsenloh (infinite) a ni ta hial a; hei vang hian engti kawng mahin tlan chhuah ngaihna a awm ta lo a ni.
Super massive Black hole :
Vanah hian arsi bawrkhawm (galaxy) tluklehdingawn tam tak a awma rin a ni a. Chung galaxy tinah te chuan arsi tluklehdingawn tel teh meuh an bawr khawm tup zel a ni. Hetia arsi an awm khawm teuh mai hian Scientist-te mak tih a hlawh a, ngun takin a lairil lam chu an zir chiang ta a. An thil hmuh chhuah chu galaxy zawng zawng deuh thawin a lairilah black hole, ni aia a let maktaduai aia tam mass nei a awm deuh zel tih hi a ni. Chu chuan arsite chu galaxy atanga kal darh lovin a lo pawt khawm thin a ni. Kan awmna Milky way galaxy pawh hian a lairilah black hole, ni aia a let maktaduai 10 vela mass ngah a nei a ni. Hei vang hian a lairil lama arsi awmte chu an kal dan pawh a petek nasa bikin an spectrum lei atanga an lo zirte pawh a dang lam nasa bik hle.
Black hole a hlauhawm em?
A hip phaka hnaia kan awm vaih chuan kan tan ni leh thla reng a eng tawh lovang a, khawvel technology thar ber tan pawh tih theih a awm lo vang. A tan chuan a chaw-ta-ni kan ni mai. Keini chauh kan ni bik lo, arsi lian ber pawh ni se Black hole te ber tan pawh a len leh a tlu lian dawn a ni mai tih ang chauh a ni ang. Pluto/Neptune bul hnaiah Black hole naran ve mai pawh lo kal se, kan solar system pum pui mai hi rei loteah Black hole chaw hmeh mai kan ni tawh ang.
Tah leh ha thialnain khawvel hi rei lote a luah khat anga, rei lote chhungin black hole chuan min hip khawmin singularity-ah kan in hmu khawm dial ang! Mihringten kan hriat chinah Universe-a eng thil mah hian Black hole hi a ngam lova, a hmaah ding zo reng an awm lo. Arsi lian ber tan pawh ngam rual a ni lova, ni pawh hi mit khap kar lovah black hole chuan a hip ral vek mai dawn a ni. A lo kal lovang tih lah kan sawi thei der si lo!
Chutihlaiin a hipnain a khawih phak chin aia hlaah kan awm erawh chuan Black hole meuh ni mah sela hlauh tur a awm chuang lo. Hriat chinah chuan lei atanga black hole hnai ber hi eng kum 1600 vela hlaah a awm daih a, chuvangin lo hlau duh vak suh, Nibiru ang thova hlauhawm lo a ni e.
Large Hadron Collider khan Black hole a siam thei ang em?
LHC experiment khan Black hole a siam thei mai dawn nia an ngaih avangin mi tam tak chu an ngaih a tha lova. LHC project-a thawk Scientist thenkhatte pawhin vauna an dawng nghe nghe. Chutihlaiin mithiamte erawh chuan black hole hi a insiam thei lovang an ti thung. A lo insiam palh hlauh a nih pawhin Hawking radiation danin second khat hmun maktaduai tam taka thena hmun khat chhung lekin radiation-ah a thamral nghal ang an ti a ni.
Hawking radiation chu?
Universe-a eng thil pawh, lumna nei reng reng chuan entropy an nei ngei ngei tur a ni a, entropy nei reng reng chuan radiation an pe chhuak ngei ngei tur a ni bawk. Hei hi Second law of Thermodynamics a ni (heti lo zawng pawh hian sawi dan dang a awm nual). Black hole pawh chuan he law hi a zawm ve ngei a tul si avangin radiation a pek chhuah ngei a lo tul ta a. Mahse kan chhiar tak ang khan black hole atangin eng thil mah a chhuak thei bawk si lo, black hole definition kan neih sa leh second law of thermodynamics chu an inkalh tihna a nih chu. Engtin nge radiation chu a chhuah theih tak ang le?
Hawkinga chuan black hole event horizon bul mai atang chuan quantum fluctuation danin particle leh antiparticle insiamin chungte chu black hole atangin an rawn chhuak a ni a ti a. Hetia an lo chhuah hian radiation an pe chhuak ta a, chu chu Hawking radiation an tih chu a ni. Hei vang hian black hole chuan a mass a hloh char char a, rei tak hnuah chuan a ral vek thin a ni. A ral vek dawnah hian Hydrogen bomb tam tak puak tluka nain a puak darh thin niin Hawkinga chuan a chhut a ni. Black hole mass nei tlem apiang an temperature a sang a, mass nei tam apiang an temperature a hniam thung. Black hole mass kha khawvel mass zat vel a nih chuan a temperature chu 0.02K vel a ni anga, gram 1 lek a nih phei chuan 1.24×1024 Kelvin vela sa a ni ang.
Faster than light
Black hole event horizon chhungah chuan space-time curvature chu a nasat tawh em avangin eng aia chakin thil a kal thei a ni! Hei hian Special Theory of Relativity a kalh chuang lo. STR hian eng aia chakin eng thil mah a kal thei lo chu a ti ngei naa, hei hi locally chauhvin a ni. Event horizon chhungah vek chuan eng aia chakin kal ta ila, kan rual chiahin kan sirah eng kal ve bawk sela kan umpha chuang lovang, locally-in kan awm dun avangin. Hei hi film-ah te pawh kan hmuh fo worm hole hmanga galaxy dang daihte pawh rei lotea an thlen zung zung dan nen khan an inlaichin hnai viau.
Appendix :
1. Black hole radius chhutna : r = 2GM/c2 , r = black hole radius, G = gravitational constant, M = original mass of star, c = speed of light in vacuum.
2. Black hole temperature chhutna : T = (1.24×1023)/M, M=black hole mass. Temperature unit hi Kelvin.